How to set up a NAS server?

Are you looking for an efficient and secure solution for storing and managing large amounts of data? Find out how to set up a NAS (Network Attached Storage) server. In this article, we’ll tell you all about the benefits of a NAS, how to choose the right hardware, carry out basic and advanced configuration, and set up security measures and backups.

Introduction

In the digital age, the need to store and manage large amounts of data efficiently and securely is essential for both individuals and businesses.

In this regard, an increasingly popular solution is the use of NAS (Network Attached Storage) servers.

Below, we’ll go through the steps required to **set up a NAS server**, ensuring you can make the most of this powerful storage solution.

What is a NAS server?

A NAS server is a network-connected storage device that allows multiple users and devices to access the data stored on it simultaneously.

Unlike external hard drives, which connect directly to a computer, NAS servers connect to a network, providing centralised storage that can be accessed from anywhere with an internet connection.

Benefits of using a NAS server

So, what are the advantages of using this storage system?

• Remote access: You can access your files from anywhere in the world.

• Automatic backup: Protect your data with regular, automatic backups.

• Expandability: Easily add more hard drives to increase storage capacity.

• File sharing: Share files securely and efficiently amongst multiple users and devices.

• Cost-effective: Compared with cloud storage services, a NAS can be more economical in the long run.

Selecting the appropriate hardware

Before setting up a NAS, it is important to bear in mind that choosing the right hardware is essential to ensure that your server runs efficiently and meets your storage needs.

In the following paragraphs, we’ll therefore help you understand the key factors you need to consider and recommend some hard drives that are ideal for NAS servers.

Factors to consider

When selecting the hardware to set up a NAS, there are several important factors you need to bear in mind.

• Storage capacity: Determine how much data you currently need to store and how much you plan to expand in the future. The NAS’s storage capacity must be able to grow in line with your needs.

• Number of bays: Bays are the spaces inside the NAS where hard drives are inserted. A NAS with more bays allows you to add more drives and, therefore, increase storage capacity over time. Common models include 2, 4, 6 or 8 bays.

• Processor type and RAM: The performance of a NAS depends largely on the processor and the amount of RAM. For basic tasks such as file storage and backup, a less powerful processor may be sufficient. However, for more demanding applications such as 4K media streaming or virtualisation, you will need a more powerful processor and more RAM.

• Hard drive compatibility: Not all hard drives are suitable for a NAS. It is important to choose drives that are specifically designed for use in a NAS environment, as these are optimised to run 24/7 and handle more intensive workloads.

• RAID support: Make sure the NAS supports the RAID configuration you plan to use. RAID provides data redundancy and can protect your files in the event of a hard disk failure.

• Connectivity: Check the NAS’s connectivity options, such as Ethernet, USB and eSATA ports. A fast and stable connection is crucial for the NAS’s performance, especially if you plan to stream media or carry out large file transfers.

Recommended hard drives

Furthermore, the choice of hard drives is crucial to the reliability and performance of your NAS server.

Here are some recommendations for hard drives that are ideal for setting up a NAS.

• Western Digital Red: WD Red hard drives are specifically designed for NAS servers and are renowned for their reliability and performance. They are optimised to operate in a 24/7 environment and support RAID configurations.

• Seagate IronWolf: Seagate IronWolf hard drives are another excellent choice for NAS systems. They are designed to handle intensive workloads and feature advanced management capabilities that enhance performance and reliability.

• Toshiba N300: Toshiba N300 hard drives are designed for NAS systems and offer high capacity and performance. They are built for continuous operation and support RAID configurations.

• HGST Deskstar NAS: HGST Deskstar NAS hard drives are renowned for their durability and performance in NAS environments. They are designed to operate 24/7 and offer a balance between capacity and speed.

Preparations for configuration

Before you start setting up your NAS server, it is essential to carry out some preparatory steps to ensure that the whole process runs smoothly.

Are you ready to get started with the preparations? Take a look at this brief guide and follow the steps outlined.

Physical connection of the NAS

The first step in setting up your NAS server is to ensure that it is correctly connected to your network and to the mains supply. To do this, it is best to focus on:

• NAS location: Place your NAS in a safe and stable location, preferably near your router for better connectivity. Ensure the area is well ventilated to prevent the device from overheating.

• Fitting the hard drives: If you have not yet installed the hard drives, follow the manufacturer’s instructions to fit the drives into the appropriate bays. Ensure that each drive is securely connected.

• Network connection: Use an Ethernet cable to connect your NAS directly to a LAN port on your router. This ensures a fast and stable network connection, which is essential for the NAS’s performance.

• Connecting to the power supply: Plug the NAS’s power adaptor into a mains socket and then into the NAS’s power port. Make sure you use the power adaptor supplied by the manufacturer to avoid compatibility issues.

• Turning on the NAS: Turn on the NAS by pressing the power button. Most NAS devices have LED indicators that show whether the NAS is switched on and correctly connected to the network. 

Access to the initial configuration interface

Once the NAS is physically connected and switched on, the next step is to access the initial setup interface. This will allow you to configure and customise your NAS to suit your needs. To do this:

1. Find the NAS’s IP address: Once you have connected the NAS to your network, you will need to find out its IP address. There are several ways to find this information.

• Manufacturer’s app: Many NAS manufacturers offer apps that automatically detect the device on your network.

• Router: Log in to your router’s interface to view the list of connected devices and find the IP address assigned to the NAS.

• Network utilities: Use network scanning tools such as `Advanced IP Scanner` to find the NAS’s IP address.

2. Access the web interface: Open a web browser on a computer connected to the same network as the NAS. Enter the NAS’s IP address into the browser’s address bar and press Enter. This will take you to the login page for the NAS’s administration interface.

3. Initial login: The first time you access the configuration interface, you will be asked to enter a username and password. These default values are usually listed in the NAS documentation or on a label attached to the device. Generally, the username is «admin» and the password is also «admin» or left blank.

4. Setup wizard: Once you have logged in, most NAS devices will guide you through an initial setup wizard. This wizard will help you to.

• Set an administrator password: Change the default password to a secure, unique password.

• Configure the network: Ensure that network settings, such as static or dynamic IP addresses, are set up correctly.

• Set up RAID: Select and configure your preferred RAID configuration for your hard drives.

• Update the firmware: Check for available firmware updates and install them to ensure your NAS has the latest improvements and security patches.

5. Complete the initial setup: Once the wizard is finished, the NAS will be ready for basic use. From here, you can start to further customise and optimise the settings to suit your specific needs.

Basic NAS configuration

Once you have completed the preparations and gained access to the initial setup interface, it is time to carry out the basic configuration of a NAS.

Below, we will explain how to do this via the web interface, covering basic network settings and the creation and management of users.

Access to the web-based configuration interface

To manage and customise your NAS, you will use the web-based configuration interface provided by the manufacturer. Here’s how to access and navigate this interface.

• Open a web browser: On a computer connected to the same network as the NAS, open your preferred web browser (Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari, etc.).

• Enter the NAS’s IP address: In the browser’s address bar, enter the NAS’s IP address and press Enter. This will take you to the login page for the management interface.

• Log in: Use the administrator credentials you set up during the initial installation (or the default ones if you haven’t changed them yet) to log in to the web interface.

• Exploring the interface: Once you’re in, take a moment to familiarise yourself with the control panel. Most NAS administration interfaces are organised intuitively, with clear menus for accessing the various settings and tools.

Basic network settings

When setting up a NAS server, the network is essential for ensuring reliable connectivity and optimal performance. Follow these steps:

1. Access the network settings: In the web interface, look for the network settings section, which is usually found in the system settings menu.

2. IP settings: Decide whether you want to assign a static or dynamic (DHCP) IP address to your NAS. For greater stability, a static IP address is recommended.

• Static IP: Manually assign an IP address that does not change. This is useful for avoiding network conflicts and ensuring that you can always access the NAS at the same address.

• DHCP: Allows the router to automatically assign an IP address to the NAS. This is easier, but may result in IP address changes that make access difficult.

3. DNS settings: Configure the DNS servers to resolve domain names. You can use your ISP’s default settings or configure public DNS servers, such as Google’s (8.8.8.8 and 8.8.+4), for faster performance.

4. Gateway settings: Ensure that the default gateway (usually your router’s IP address) is set up correctly to allow the NAS to access the internet and other network resources.

5. MTU settings: Adjust the maximum transmission unit (MTU) size if necessary. The default setting is usually suitable for most networks, but in some advanced configurations it may be necessary to optimise this value. 

User creation and management

To ensure that only authorised users can access the data stored on your NAS, it is important to set up users and permissions. It’s very simple:

1. Access user management: In the web interface, look for the user management section, which is usually found in the administration or settings menu.

2. Create a new user:

• Click on the option to add a new user.

• Enter a username and set a secure password.

• If you wish, you can add further details such as your full name and email address.

3. Assign permissions: Specify which folders and files the new user can access.

• Read permissions: Allows the user to view and download files.

• Write permissions: Allows the user to create, modify and delete files.

• Administrator permissions: Grant full control over the NAS, including the configuration and management of other users.

4. Create user groups: To simplify the management of permissions, you can create user groups with specific permissions and then assign users to these groups. This is particularly useful in environments with a large number of users.

5. Set storage quotas: To prevent a single user from using up all the available space, you can set storage limits for individual users or groups.

6. Set up remote access: If you want users to be able to access the NAS from outside the local network, make sure you set up remote access correctly and provide users with the necessary instructions for connecting. 

Advanced storage settings 

Once you’ve finished setting up a NAS with the basics, it’s time to delve into the advanced storage settings.

This includes creating volumes, configuring RAID and managing shared folders and permissions. These advanced settings will enable you to optimise the performance and security of your data.

Volume creation and storage 

Creating volumes on your NAS is crucial for organising and managing your storage efficiently. Volumes are virtual partitions on physical hard drives that allow for better organisation and management of data.

The steps to follow are:

1. Access the storage management section: In the NAS web interface, navigate to the storage management section. Here you will find options for managing disks, volumes and storage groups.

2. Create a new volume:

• Select the option to create a new volume.

• Select the hard drives you wish to include in this volume.

• Give the volume a name so that you can identify it easily.

• Set the volume size. You can choose to use all the available space or specify a particular size.

3. Configure the file system: Choose the file system you wish to use for the volume. Common file systems for NAS include EXT4, Btrfs and ZFS, each with its own advantages in terms of performance and features.

4. Complete the volume creation: Check the settings and confirm the creation of the volume. The process may take a few minutes, depending on the size and number of discs selected.

RAID Configuration

In addition to the above, to understand how to set up a NAS, you need to pay attention to this aspect.

Configuring RAID on your NAS is essential for ensuring storage redundancy and performance. RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) combines multiple hard drives to improve data security and access speed.

Here’s a brief summary of how to do it:

1. Access the RAID settings: In the storage management section, look for the RAID configuration options.

2. Select the RAID type:

• RAID 0: Combines several drives to increase speed, but does not provide redundancy.

• RAID 1: Mirrors data across two or more disks, providing full redundancy.

• RAID 5: Distributes data and parity across three or more disks, offering a balance between performance and security.

• RAID 6: Similar to RAID 5, but with additional parity for greater security; it requires at least four drives.

• RAID 10: Combines RAID 0 and RAID 1, offering high speed and redundancy; requires at least four drives.

3. Configure the RAID:

• Select the drives you wish to include in the RAID configuration.

• Specify the RAID type and any additional settings (such as the block size).

• Check and confirm the settings.

4. Complete the RAID configuration: The system may take some time to start up and synchronise the drives, depending on the selected RAID configuration.

Folder structure and permissions

Once your volumes and RAID have been configured, it is important to create shared folders and set access permissions. This ensures that your data is accessible and secure in line with your requirements.

Let’s look at the process:

1. Create shared folders:

• In the NAS web interface, navigate to the file management or shared folders section.

• Select the option to create a new shared folder.

• Give the folder a name and select the volume on which it will be stored.

2. Configure access permissions:

• Specify who can access the shared folder. You can set permissions at user or group level.

• Assign read, write or administration permissions according to the needs of each user or group.

• Set storage quotas where necessary to prevent a single folder from taking up too much space.

3. Additional sharing settings:

• Enable or disable access via different protocols such as SMB/CIFS, NFS, FTP or WebDAV, depending on your requirements.

• Configure advanced options such as data compression, deduplication and encryption for greater security and efficiency.

4. Check and apply settings: Make sure you check all the settings before applying the changes to ensure that everything is configured correctly according to your requirements.

That concludes the explanation of how to set up a NAS. All that remains is to find out what security measures need to be taken.

Security and backups

Securing the data stored on your NAS server and carrying out regular backups are essential steps in protecting your information against loss, theft and disasters.

That is why the time has come to focus on your backup settings and the security measures you need to put in place to keep your data safe.

Backup settings

Regular backups ensure that you can recover your data in the event of a hardware failure, human error or malicious attacks.

Ready to set them up?

1. Determine the backup strategy:

• Full backups: These are complete copies of all data. They are easy to restore, but take up more space and take longer.

• Incremental backups: These only back up the changes made since the last full or incremental backup. They save space and time, but restoration can be more complex.

• Differential backups: Back up all changes since the last full backup. Faster than a full backup, but larger than an incremental one.

2. Set the backup location:

• Local copies: Save the backups on the same NAS or on another network-connected storage device.

• External backups: Use external devices such as USB hard drives.

• Cloud backups: Use cloud storage services to keep backups of your data.

3. Use built-in backup tools:

Most NAS devices come with built-in backup software that makes it easy to set up and manage backups. Go to the backup section in the NAS’s web interface.

• Create a backup task: Specify which data is to be backed up, when the backup is to take place, and where it is to be stored.

• Schedule automatic backups: Set up regular backup times, such as daily, weekly or monthly.

4. Check the backups:

Check regularly that backups are being carried out correctly and that data can be restored without any problems.

Safety measures

Once you have set up your NAS, it is crucial to implement security measures to protect your data against unauthorised access and cyber-attacks.

Some of the most important safety measures are:

1. Firewall configuration and IP filtering:

• Enable the firewall: Protect your NAS from unauthorised access by configuring the built-in firewall. Set rules to allow only necessary traffic and block everything else.

• IP filtering: Set up whitelists and blacklists of IP addresses to control who can access your NAS.

2. Two-factor authentication (2FA):

Enable 2FA for administrator and user accounts. This adds an extra layer of security by requiring a second method of authentication in addition to the password.

3. Data encryption:

• Encryption at rest: Protects data stored on the NAS’s drives using encryption. This ensures that the data remains secure even if the drives are physically removed.

• Encryption in transit: Use HTTPS, FTPS and other secure connections to protect data being transferred to and from the NAS.

4. Account and permissions management:

• Strong passwords: Make sure all accounts use complex, secure passwords.

• Minimum required permissions: Assign only the necessary permissions to each user to minimise the risk of unauthorised access to sensitive data.

5. Regular firmware updates:

Keep your NAS firmware up to date to protect it against known vulnerabilities. Set up automatic updates where possible.

6. Monitoring and alerts:

• Configure the NAS monitoring system to receive real-time alerts regarding unauthorised access attempts, hardware failures and other critical events.

• Check the activity logs regularly to detect suspicious behaviour.

7. Antivirus and anti-malware:

Install and configure antivirus and anti-malware software on your NAS to scan for and protect against malware threats.

Remote access settings

One of the most significant advantages of a NAS server is the ability to access your data remotely. This allows you to work from anywhere and share files with ease.

However, setting up remote access securely is crucial for protecting your data.

Secure remote access

As we mentioned, setting up remote access securely is essential for protecting your server against unauthorised access and cyber-attacks. But how do you go about configuring your NAS?

1. Enable HTTPS:

• Log in to the NAS web interface and look for the network settings.

• Enable HTTPS to ensure that all connections to the web interface are encrypted. This protects the data transmitted between your device and the NAS.

2. Set up a DDNS service:

• Use a dynamic DNS (DDNS) service to assign an easy-to-remember domain name to your public IP address. This is useful if your ISP frequently changes your public IP address.

• Set up DDNS via the NAS’s web interface by entering your DDNS credentials and the domain name you wish to use.

3. Set up a VPN:

• Set up a VPN server on your NAS to create a secure, encrypted connection from remote devices to your local network.

• Go to the VPN section in the configuration interface and follow the instructions to set up the VPN server.

• Configure the remote devices to connect to the VPN server before accessing the NAS.

4. Set up port forwarding:

• Log in to your router’s settings and set up port forwarding to redirect traffic from specific ports to your NAS.

• Use non-standard ports for greater security and change the default ports where possible.

5. Use two-factor authentication (2FA):

Enable two-factor authentication for user accounts that will access remotely